Exended version

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‘Introducing Children
to the Magical World of Reading and Spelling’
A Message from ‘The Child Listener™’  
Emma Hartnell-Baker BEd Hons. MA Special Educational Needs. Cert Life Coaching

 “Reading competence is foundational, not only for school-based learning, but also for children’s behavioural and psychosocial wellbeing, further education and training, occupational success, productive and fulfilling participation in social and economic activity, as well as for the nation’s social and economic future”
AU National Inquiry into the Teaching of Reading 2005.
View Summary

When I first began specialising in child behaviour management over a decade ago I quickly recognised a correlation between poor literacy achievement and delinquency. I was not surprised therefore, in recent years, to read of some US states actually predicting future prison populations based on year 3 and 4 reading scores.
And yet when I have suggested to Head Teachers that they should re-consider how reading is being taught within their schools- as a way to not only improve literacy achievement, but also see improved behaviour throughout the school, you would think, by their reaction, that I was suggesting something really bizarre. Despite the lack of accurate estimates
on the overlap between literacy under-achievement and crime, the associated links however are well documented (e.g. McNee, 2004; Mayhew, 2003). So teaching all children to read early on has wide reaching benefits within society.

For the purposes of this letter I will presume that parents are interested in the initial
stage of learning to read- however systematic phonics instruction is critical if children
are to be taught to read well, whether or not they are beginning to learn to read, or experiencing reading difficulties.
You might be interested to know of my experiences and qualifications within this field
- as much of my work in recent years has been within 'behaviour management'.
In addition to being an Early Years trained teacher (with a Bachelor of Education with Honours) I also chose to undertake a Masters Degree that combined behaviour management with dyslexia. I have always taken a keen interest in what clinical
studies and research show us about why children fail to read- however I have
also actually taught young children to read- and this practical experience is invaluable
to any litereacy specialist. I taught full time within primary schools (mainly within
the 4-7 year old range) and was Head Teacher of two nursery schools for eight years- preparing the education programs and teaching the 2-5 year olds to read. This direct experience - combined with my understanding of research fndings- has resulted in the creation of the 'Parents Aboard' Program for parents of young children, and also the
'Fresh Start to Literacy' strand- with a focus on parents of children who are failing
at school- and particularly the 8+ age range. Even since first qualifiying as a teacher I
have always felt that the involvement with parents has not been fully utilitsed- and this is especially important within literacy and behaviour management!

Within our current education system we are often so focussed on 'child based learning' and on constructivism (an established theory of knowing and learning rather than a theory of teaching) and teachers often do not realise that there is a serious lack of supporting evidence for its effectiveness in teaching children to read. Unfortunately one 'method' of
teaching reading- the 'whole-language' approach to teaching and learning
- reflects this philosophy of learning, and has been the predominant approach for early literacy teaching and learning throughout English - speaking countries (Pearson, 2000; Westwood, 1999, 2004).
This approach assumes that children are inherently active, self-regulating learners who construct knowledge for themselves, with teachers needing to give little or no explicit decoding instruction. While this may be ok for many children, the ones we focus on at Read Australia™ are those who struggle - and on creating a new culture within Australia whereby these children do not need to struggle for long before receiving specific 1:1 help.
Furthermore, I believe that if we change the way we teach, these children won't need that additional 1:1 help in any case! Reading Recovery has been scrapped- why not scrap the reason for needing it in the first place as well? This group can also include children who are from disadvantaged backgrounds who often do not have rich phonological knowledge
and phonemic awareness upon which to base new learning.
Being taught using this 'whole language' method has the effect of compounding their disadvantage once they begin school. This is particularly the case for children from non-English speaking backgrounds, including Indigenous children where English may be their second or third language.
So why do so many people advocate their method- and use it? Results show over and over again that this does not facilitate literacy development and achievement for ALL children. Through Read Australia™ I am speaking out on behalf of the children being left behind.

The sounds in our language existed long before the letters. The written symbols of our language were invented to represent the sounds we have been speaking for centuries. Teaching children these sounds is easy when they are speaking- as they know those sounds- they are using them in words pretty much all day (don't we know it!) So we
need to teach them how the sounds we use (when we speak) are represented on
paper ie linking sounds in spoken words with the symbols used to represent them on paper- and how to de-code the written word. In order for young children- who are very literal- to understand this concept we prefer to say that letters are 'sound pics'.
We teach children a horse makes a sound- 'nay'- so its difficult for them to understand what we mean when we say, for example, 'whats the sound 'a' makes'. A letter on the page doesnt make a sound:-) So really think about how you are explaining things - so that they are understanding and not just repeating and memorising.
Everything we do is about keeping concepts simple- so we try to analyse everything
we say and do with children, to check we are putting the message across effectively. .

While in Australia I have been astounded by how often children are sent home during their first year with 'sight words' and also with 'readers' that they cant possible de-code. If they were asked to come home and practice fine motor skills by painting a Mona Lisa we would think the teachers mad- they arent ready for that yet? So why are we doing it with
'readers'? Also, if we teach children 'whole words' (by asking them to learn sight words) we aren't teaching children that these words are based on the 'sounds' in words- but rather, we are relying on memory.
Let me put this into perspective- a typical person can only retain around 2000 - 3000 words- enough to perform at year 1 level. However by memorising children will soon start forgetting those words, and run out of ways to guess and memorise. It will become harder for them to distinguish 'horse' from 'house' etc because they are trying to remember
the whole word and it's becoming more difficult as more words are introduced
and used. So instead we should ‘keep it simple’ and teach children the individual sounds that make up words- of which there are just 134.
If they are going to be given 'sight' words to learn we'd rather it be the handful of words that can't be de-coded eg yacht'. There are 55 words in the English language that they won't be able to de-code. The other 19,950 that we use daily are predictable and decodable however! - if the 'code' is understood. So it's important we teach children
that way round.

We need teachers to understand why this method (teaching children to actually crack the written code) is most effective for the highest number of children so that they more proactively create opportunities- both direct teaching and also through play. They need to offer children opportunities to focus on the words they form verbally, and how they create these words using various sounds- through rich play opportunities encouraging dialogue, and increasing verbal intelligence. Children need to begin to recognise the link between their verbal dialogue, with the words and particularly the letters (sound symbols we use within our verbal language) that are used to create these whole words. Through Read Australia™ we will be sharing this information with parents- as there is much to be
done in every day life at home in those early formative years. Exciting work is currently being undertaken, for example to discover how simply increasing the attention to environmental text can affect literacy development. At Read Australia™ we plan to research yet more aspects of the fascinating field of early literacy development- we hope you will join us in our journey of discovery!

There needs to be a focus on explicit teaching of the structure and function of written and oral language in ways that allow children, regardless of their backgrounds, to reflect on and consciously manipulate the language. This involves an awareness of phonemes, syllables and morphology- and this requires a high degree of teacher-centred presentation of learning material, with an emphasis on explicit instruction, scheduled practice and feedback (e.g. Center, 2005; Westwood, 2003, 2004). This method asks more of our teachers- and provides children with a greater chance of success.

A great learning environment for young children is one where the focus is on the
sounds we use within speech and correlation between those sounds and the sound symbols, and not the letter names. It is one in which children are taught to understand how words are built up using sound symbols (spelling) and also how we can put on paper the sound we use in words (in order) to create a record of that word (spelling) To make this even easier we recommend writing whole words using bold and non bold type face - even when parents and teaching are at level 1 and only using single sound symbols, and the words that can be created from them- eg cat. pin, hot etc
The parts of words that are in bold are where the sounds in the words we are speaking
are represented by two or more sounds (that change when put together) eg this - the th is in bold as the 't' and 'h' together are how we represent the 'th' sound. 'i' and 's' are separate. So teachers will discuss with the children how we ‘spell’ the word ‘this- ie that the whole word has been created using 3 pictures of sounds- because the picture for the sound ‘th’ we create verbally is written as ‘th’. So they would ‘read’ the word this as ‘this’ ie th + i + s.

You will notice as above, and in the program that the focus is on lower case letters as these make up most of the text children see- and for the purposes of teaching them to de-code we have to focus on lower case letters. We dont completely ignore upper case/ capital letters- children will see lower and upper case letters together on wall displays etc and use them in 'important' words- like their names. We prefer to initially make sure they have learned the pictures used to represent the sounds we use within the spoken word in lower case letters. Some children learn the names of letters quickly- and the corresponding 'sound' they represent - but some dont, particularly boys. So if they do then run with it-
if not, then let's make sure they are learning the most important aspects- the rest we can take case of when the child has grasped the most important concepts. So other than writing names using capitals, focus on lower case letters even within simple sentences.

We plan on undertaking clinical studies - researching how the use of bold typeface, or even using colour or multiple fonts, can help children more easily recognise how words are created (spelling) or broken down (reading) in the English language.
We believe that this will be especially helpful to children of whom English is a second language, and also children with learning challenges such as dyslexia- however
we think it can help all new readers understand concepts more easily. This helps
children focus on how the pictures of sounds (letters) sit together to create a
word and moves them away from only seeing the word as a 'whole' word during
the initial stages of learning to read. We would opt to do it for all - not just those who are failing.
We will also create 'readers' using words that are written with the same spacing, but split into chunks- with letters (pictures of sounds) in bold when they become changed when put them together with other pictures of sounds. For example the word ‘out’ would be written
out with the ‘ou’ in bold as the o+u lead us to say a different sound (ow). As this is a
fairly difficult aspect to describe in text, please refer to the DVD and YouTube videos. We will be doing this within 'readers' so that we can put the concepts intruduced within actual books. Comprehension (understanding) is a big part of reading - and so we try to ensure that words are being ' read' or 'written' within the context of something of meaningingful.

When the children have learned to recognise even a few sound pics (letter sounds) they can start to read and spell words! Initial 'readers' would be books that have text that doesn't have many words that have bolded text- eg 'a fat rat ran past' (which as you will see is a sentence created using just 7 sounds). All words other than 'the' should be de-coded in these early 'readers- so the children are actually reading the text. We do strongly believe that early readers find this way of viewing text much easier- it makes sense to them! -so please do try this at home and in your classroom if you are a teacher or early years educator and let us know what you think. Make them yourselves or order them from our online resources page. Ideally resources created are also personal to the children- making them more meaningful- starting from a selection of 6 sounds(not all intorduced at once) and working on the concepts required so that they can start to crack the 'written code'. It doesnt really matter which you start with - but use seven that enable you to create
the most words. Also create nonsense words- so that children understand that these
pictures of sounds can be manipulated to make a range of words- even new ones!

When confident within the initial sound group children are given a mixture of books as 'readers'- because their success rate (de-coding, not guessing) will still be good. Initially however children in these 'ideal classrooms' would only be given 'readers' that they can de-code. They should of course share 'real' books - or books that have not been
developed using phonics- with older children, parents etc- however to learn to actually read children would be taught the skills to do so- and part of that is actually understanding why we write words as we do, and why we spell them as we do. We absolutely believe that parents should be reading books to children- as many as possible- and that there are
skills that should be taught to you as parents (also available shortly online) to
ensure that they are being as helpful to children as possible- however there is no evidence to suggest that reading to your child will actually result in them learning to read purely because of this. If you were given thousands of books with chinese symbols and someone told the stories of these books, would you think you would learn to decipher the exact meaning of each of those symbols? And even if you could- wouldn’t you prefer to
actually be taught those symbols in a systematic, and meaningful way?
Keep it simple!

If we look at the AU Inquiry into the Teaching of Literacy 2005 (or Rose Report, UK etc) we see that recommendations support this. Much of how literacy is currently taught within the UK was as a result of the Rose Report - and as a former OFSTED Inspector and Early Years educator within UK I can see huge differences between the UK and Australia
- and especially Queensland.
A school in Scotland decided to focus on Jolly Phonics and their results, compared to the national average, were staggering. This led to the government taking a closer look into how children were being taught to read, so that recommendations could be given based on observations, results, and research. The Rose Report was born! Since then an Inquiry
was also undertaken within AU- with virtually identical results and recommendations
made. For some reason this document seem to have been ignored- and at Read Australia™ we are not really sure why? Parents can still use the summaries however, to get the idea of what teachers should be doing.

'Read Australia™' was created to empower parents so that they can be more effectively and proactively involved in their children's literacy development regardless of where they live or which teacher their child has the fortune or misfortunate to have in the first few years.
Governments have been researching this topic because children were (and still are) failing- and teachers needed clearer direction. Teachers should no longer be allowed to get away with using their own preferred method, or systems they've been using for years because research and clinical studies show us these aren't meeting the needs of our children. Some teachers of course ARE providing opportunities for children - and ensuring that all children are being taught explicitly- however many still aren't- and children shouldn’t suffer because of this. If children in the early years see letters and say the name instead of the sound even when asked what it is a picture of (ie what 'sound') then I become concerned. Why? We don't say see-aye-tee when we say cat! They need to know the sounds of the alphabet - not their names- as their names are meaningless with regards to spelling and reading the English language. Keep it simple!

Good readers understand the code so that when they come across words they have never seen before they actually break them down. If adult readers are given unfamiliar text that is what they will find themselves doing also. Some children ‘crack the code’ quickly even if not being taught well- however there are many others that don't- especially boys.
These are the ones we are concerned about- and need to be identified as early as possible. If children are great at spelling words- not just for a test ie from memory- it’s because they understand how words are broken down and also understand how the sounds we use to speak- to form words- are created. For example they will give you all the versions when asked to spell the word 'brown'. They wont just give the 'correct' spelling- they will also tell you that it could have been written 'broun' if we were to put the other
'ow' sounds within the word- or if asked to write 'same' they would give 'saym, sayme,
saim, saime,' etc - or 'fur' would also be written 'fir or fer'.
I have always done lots of work with children using 'real' and also nonsense words as
I want to know they really do 'get' the code.

The written word relates to our spoken word- so children must become aware of the sounds in words verbalised- as they hear them. Many children we assess for example
will have difficulty hearing that there are 4 sounds in 'frog'-or knowing what the word
would be if we said 'frog' without the 'r'. They haven't practised listening to the words
we are speaking- and knowing how to written them down, with the individual pictures of sounds in the correct order.
Something many teachers do unfortunately- not realising this makes it really difficult for children who aren't picking this up quickly- is that they put two sounds together that should stay separate. So children put for example 'fr' instead of 'f' and 'r'. We need to keep it simple - if the two sounds change when put together then that's fine - if not keep them separate.
So 'shop' has 3 sounds - sh o p - but frog has 4 sounds ie f + r +o + g

At this point Id like to again raise the issue of how you use the word 'sounds' with young children- eg here’s the ‘a’ and he makes an ‘a’ ('ah!) sound. It actually doesn’t. A cow makes a ‘moo’ sound – a letter in print doesn’t make a sound.
Teacher’s working with young children will understand my point- it’s the same as trying
to count young children sitting in a circle. Many get very annoyed if they are the number ‘4’ because they aren’t 4. As much as you say we are counting, and in this situation you are number 4, all she knows is that she’s not 4! Pre-school and Prep aged children in particular are so literal. So when we say that something on paper makes a sound
they can find this difficult to understand and will recite, parrot fasion that ‘a' (ay) makes
an‘a’ sound - but have no idea what that means. They are memorising something
- like a song- with no understanding of the meaning of it. As we are all about ‘keeping it simple’ we’d prefer to keep the way in which we talk to children accurate, and simple.
So we prefer to say that this is the sound symbol and this it the letter name. So when I say ‘ay’ I can record this on paper using the sound symbol 'a'- and he has a name- the letter 'a' (ay) . Please see DVD/ YouTube Video explaining this – it’s easier to understand when you hear me explain it than on paper.)
We also take time talking to children about why we have text- its to put on paper to record what we are saying. The words come first though- so focus on language, and its logical then when we are explaining how to record it on paper.
We are using pictures for the sounds- sound symbols! The code is made up of lots of pictures of sounds. Some are single pictures- ‘a’ – some pictures have two or more of these letters ‘ou’ ‘igh’ etc. We start from single pictures and build up- simple! The suggested progessions are given within our new guide- released shortly- part of the 'Parents Aboard' Prgoram. This is because we want parents to do as much as they can before children start school- we want you to climb aboard and practively embrace the learning journey. 

Looking for letters, and learning how to form them, can happen virtually everywhere- use environmental print, and search for words in the world around us. A section relating to
letter formation alongside letter recognition is being created as a separate
document and also available within the Parents Aboard Program. 

Children should be tested when they start school- and this should be on-going, to
assess individual progress. Objective, standardised diagnostic tests that assess the essential alphabetic, decoding skills required for reading proficiency are available to teachers- however seem not to be fully utilised. In order to meet the needs of all children we need to use methods that meet the needs of all children from the beginning - not give them phonics instruction when they are failing at 7 or 8 as a way to help them ‘recover’.
We KNOW what to do- research relating to how children learn to read, why some fail and what we can do about it, is readily available. So within the Parents Aboard Program we
also share this information- information how to assess your child's level of understanding
and know how to look for the signs that they are likely to struggle.

In addition to actually putting this knowledge into place we need to pay much more attention to individual children. Teachers should know how each child is developing in all aspects of reading and spelling, from their first day at Prep and should be sharing this with parents. We at Read Australia™ believe that it is not fair for children to be at the mercy of ‘luck’ – or that parents should be in a position of hoping their child’s teacher understands why some children fail, how to recognise these children early on, and what to do about it. This is why Read Australia™ are creating the ‘parents Aboard’ Program- to empower parents and arm them with the tools required to teach their own child to read, and the knowledge that will enable them to demand that their children receive reading instruction that will meet their needs.

So please join us and ensure all children are able to read and spell quickly
- we owe them this as parents and educators.

Read Australia™ will soon fully launch the ‘Parents Aboard’ Program- our focus being on‘keeping it simple’. Parents can start the program at any age- however we will talk to parents about starting early reading skills alongside language skills so that it is logical to that individual child. When the child is able to say 'buh' he is also to be shown a picture of that sound ie 'b' in the same way that we encourage them to link the word 'cat' with a picture of a cat. Iin the same way that children are easily able to learn two languages at home, and not be confused, if introduced early enough, children can also be introduced to the pictures that represent sounds in spoken words. As mentioned previously, think of ‘reading’ and ‘spelling’ as being directly linked to speech and language development. This is supported by speech therapist who encourage clear promounciation and attention to individual sounds. The richer the language is at home- and the more practive parents are with regards to developing verbal intelligence, the easier it is to develop all literacy skills as a natural progression to that child.

As ‘The Child Listener™’ I am passionate about children- and in helping them develop to their potential in all areas. Reading and spelling is not something ALL children can do alone. Put children on an island together – from different countries- and they will develop their own language. They will never develop a written code however. We need to
change our approach to the teaching of reading, writing and spelling and be more aggressive in our approach to demanding that all children are given the best opportunities to learn. Parents/ carers are the best resource for children- and so rather than focus on the education system- the focus at Read Australia™ are parents. So come aboard- and let’s start making real changes across Australia- eventually the education system will
catch on, and alongside parents will start meeting the needs of every individual child within Australia.

Keep supporting and loving our children, and we will support you- welcome to our community!- a Fresh Start to Literacy!




Emma

Also known as The Child Listener™
http://www.ReadAustralia.com 'Raising Literacy Standards- Empowering Parents' http://www.The-Child-Listener.com 'Learning to Listen and to Lead'

Read Australia™ are developing a range of resources specifically
for parents- all children can start before they start Prep
- give them a head start- don't leave it to chance!

These resources are deliberately designed for parents and carers
- to be really easy to use and understand. Use them with children
as young as 20 months.

If you are a school manager and would like to order the
'Read Australia™ Guide to Introducing Children to Reading and Spelling' using Jolly Phonics- to give to
new parents, or parents of current Prep/ Year 1 children- please contact us.

'How to Teach ALL Children to Read, Write and Spell with Confidence' Instructional DVD for sale- $79

Currently out of stock - Please Email Us And We Will Let You Know
When New Stock Is back In

Read Australia™ are also developing a comprehensive range of resources and readers
- to enable teachers to use only phonics based readers while children
learn their initial 'sound's. These can be used alongside any
phonics reading program eg Jolly Phoncs as the principles
are the same.
Readers are created under various Levels - introducing different
single sound symbols / pictures of sounds within
followed by pictures of sounds that change when put together
eg 'sh', 'th' etc. within Level 2

In order to help children identify the different pictures of sounds
in words any sounds that together create a new sound ( eg 't' and 'h' together make a new sound symbol 'th' ) are in bold text.

Extension activities can be found in each 'reader' - so that parents can understand concepts,
and reinforce these with children at home.

The Child Listener™ is also developing a range of resources and readers for children aged 8+
who are failing to read and spell with confidence -
the Parents Aboard Program- A Fresh Start to Literacy. This is useful in cases where
'Reading Recovery' was previously used.

The Fresh Start to Literacy range is aimed at the 8 - 12 and 12+ age range.
Not only are different (more mature!) resources required- these children are
often lacking in confidence and motivation and so we use a different approach.

Workshops and training for adults working with disengaged
youths, and children failing to read and spell with confidence are
also available later thisyear.

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Also useful for teachers as The Child Listener™ will pose questions
about your experiences- encouraging reflective teaching practices

eg there is a practice that takes place in a few phonics programs- of encouraging
children to say the picture of the sound multiple times. eg this is an 'a'- the
sound is 'aaaaaaaaaa'. I have found that children become used to doing this,
and when de-coding words will use the sound multiple times- eg cccc aaaaa ttttt-
which takes away from the child idenitfying that the whole word is 'cat' c+a+t.

Let me know what you think- or how you get around that?
Emma:-)

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Included in the Parents Aboard Google Group Chat Forum
Join our new facebook page - http:/www.facebook.com/ReadAustralia

Welcome all! I am in the process of creating a simple guide to introducing the initial sounds - Level 1 - which is the level Id like to see all pre-school and prep aged children achieve as early as possible bearing in mind their individual capabilities. I would like people to focus much more on creating opportunities for children based around their language development rather than age- and will be discussing in depth ways in which we can help children develop language skills, in another discussion.
Forget the end result - ie that children will love to read and have excellent spelling and writing skills- let's focus on giving children opportunities to understand concepts. If children are able to create the sound 'buh' then they are capable of learning the symbol that is used to represent that sound ie the letter 'b'. If they can look at a picture that represents something- eg a house- they can see a letter and learn it is used to represent a sound- make sure you do this with sounds they can create with their mouths. Generally 'muh' 'buh' etc.'
 
Please do also bear with me- and understand that this guide is subject to change. I hope to constantly edit it, so it becomes easier to understand and to use. Your feedback is invaluable-do let me know how you get on with it.
I am also creating a guide for parents of children who are 7+ and not reading and spelling with confidence- and also developing Level 2. Coming soon.....!

Let's start from the beginning- from a point children understand. Let's consider the concepts that are required by the children- so they understand what they are doing- and become readers who really understand the written code.

I'd like you to consider the following 3 concepts before you start doing anything with your child. The more you understand the easier it will be for you to explain it to your child, and to create experiences and activities to introduce and reinforce these concepts.

These concepts dont necessarily follow on from one another- although I have put them in the logical order. Be creative- just think about introducing them and reinforcing them wherever you can- in the car, supermarket, at the park! Make it fun- something you are exploring together.


1/ Spoken words are made up of sounds.

For children to understand what a letter is we first start by giving them opportunities to understand what we mean when we talk about sounds in words. Even at this stage you can start to break down words so children hear parts of words- eg ouch- could be 'ow - pause- ch' 'Harry- I made two sounds with my voice when I said that word!' At this stage dont write it down- all we are doing is focussing on what we are saying. We are introducing the words 'sounds' and the word 'word'!
So dont look at a letter and ask what sound it makes- letters dont make sounds (unless electronic!)
Children are ready for this when they are making sounds!
Repeat sounds, words, make up funny sounds- and use the word 'sound' as you do so. 'listen to this sound 'eheheheheheheooooooaaaahhh'
They can look at your mouth- you are introducing concepts relating to the sounds we make using our voices!

Follow on from this with the fact that sounds we make can be at the beginning, middle or end of words! So the sound 'b' (think buh, not bee) can be heard at the beginning of words we speak, in the middle and at the end! Listen for a sound in words- ask them to wave at your when your mouth creates the 'buy' sound for example- say 'banana, stable, grab'- emphaisising the 'buh sound. Dont just focus on beginning sounds. Let's not limit children.


2/ The sounds we make using our voices can be recorded on paper! Yeah! We can draw a horse to represent the picture of a horse- and in the same way we can draw the picture that represents the sounds we use in our words! When we say the sound 'buh' in words- at the beginning, middle or end- sometimes twice or three times in a word!- we can actually draw this sound- it looks like this! b
When you introduce this please draw it while they are watching- from the top down up and round- use this language. 'down, up and round'. Why not introduce correct letter formation while teaching them to read?
Put that picture on your fridge- whats this a picture of? The sound 'buh' !
Find pictures that have this sound in it- a picture of a banana, stable etc- you might even put a word with 2 of them- kebab!
Write the word for that object in black and put next to the picture- and the child can go over the b in red- doesnt matter if its messy. You want the 'buh' to stand out. Its all we are focussed on. The concept of a sound in words, and that we can represent it on paper. (the word 'letter' doesnt matter at the moment- although by all means mention it's nake- however we want the focus to be on the picture representing a sound)

If you see a capital B then point it out- this is the 'important' way to write 'buh'. So we use this picture/ symbol instead of 'b' when its someone's name- because they are important. Again show them how to draw this picture- of the important 'buh' Focus on lower case sounds in the early stages as this is mainly what they will see in the books you share with them, and when they see people writing.

Then introduce other pictures/ symbols of sounds- I have suggested 'buh' here- as its easier for me to write it down so you will understand I mean the 'buh' sound and not 'bee'- you can use any sounds.
You could then introduce s, i, t, p, n, a

3/ Symbols of sounds can be put together on the paper to create a whole word. We do this from left to right.

To introduce this concept they need to understand the previous 2 concepts- as we are going to put it all together.

Use only 3 letter words- and only 3 letter words that they can 'sound' out! eg b a t

Have cards with these pictures on them (lower case, all same height) and encourage the children to do it 2 ways:
.
The first is 'spelling. You say a word - eg pin- and the children work out which is the first sound- and find the symbol that represents that sound. That needs to go first- on the left. Then ask if they hear any other sounds when you say the word - say the whole word again... 'pin'... slowly- promouncing each sound clearly. They will usually then tell you there is a n (nuh)- so ask if its at the end or the middle? You have done this work already- so its not new. 'nuh' is at the end- so what sound is in the middle? Say the whole word again 'pin'. Help and encourage- you do it if they dont hear it pretty quickly. Then look at the word- pointing left to right- and with the children say the sound (verbally) as you point to the letters- quickly enough for the child to 'hear' that this word is 'pin'.
Always reinforce by doing the whole word at the end - and use your finger - pointing to each sound symbol as you say it, while saying the whole word. You could then get the children to trace the individual sound symbols (letters)- showing them how they are formed- eg 'up, down and around'.

The second way - the other way around- is reading! You create a 3 letter word from those sounds- eg 'pat'. Use the individual cards in order. Point to the card on the left- can you remember what sound we make with our mouths when we see this sound symbol? 'p' (short- not pee) Do that for the second- and then do 1 and 2 together- and finally look at the third and then put it all together. Point to the cards as you say the words slowly, left to right. Again, finish with the whole word.

So your child can 'read' and 'spell' lots of words using these 7 pictures of sounds!

pit, pin, sit, sat, bat, bit etc etc

Gradually add new ones- so you can create new words- and spell new words!

Eventually they will know all 26 sound symbols (letters of the alphabet) however it is more important that they understand these concepts than recognise all letter sounds. Go slowly and have fun! Play bingo, snap, pairs etc with your cards. Put them in a folder and make them special. Also put copies on the fridge etc. Remember though that the first concept revolves around the sounds we use in our words- we aren't starting from what's on the cards. They just represent the sounds- focus on getting children to 'hear' sounds in words first. Children who fail, or who have learning difficulties struggle with this- and all children benefit from lots of work this way around.

4/ When the children are fairly familiar with the above you can introduce the concept that some pictures actually represent more than 1 sound (that we make with our mouths)
Do you - as a parent- know which they are? Work it out! Ill give you 3. 'o'- as it 'hot' or in 'most' (so it can be 'o' or ow') g- as in got or giraffe (j) and x as in fox or exit (in exit it does sound differently- has ore of a 'g' sound) Sometimes accents also plays a part.

So up until now you have been using 3 letter words- that they can 'sound out'- so now you can use 4 letter words- however again they must all remain 'single' pictures. eg 'frog' is ok as all sounds are individual. Do not, in level 1 use symbols that consist of 2 sounds which together make a different sound- eg shut would be made up of 3 sound symbols ie sh + u + t.
We start intruducing these in level 2.
Of course if it comes up- suppose you heard the 'sh' sound in words- then show the children how you draw the picture for that sound 'sh'.
But at level 1 we want to keep it simple- and make sure they understand level 1 concepts.

Create mini books with them- made up of words that they can 'sound out' It doesnt matter if they cant write it- although that would be great- what matters is the auditory and the visual at this stage. No pencils required:-) Use fingers to trace however- on the table, in the air etc.

You can introduce a sight word in level 1 - the word 'the'. They can learn that this is the word 'the' by memory- Ill allow that (smile)- even though you will know that to me learning sight words in the early years is a sin.

This means you can create sentences (use the word 'sentence' - why not?) - eg 'The cat sat on the pin.' You could then draw the cat jumping up- and no reason you can add the word in big letters 'ouch !' and an exclamation mark to show surprise, shock etc. You can explain this word has two pictures- ou and ch (ow and chu). Even though they might not be ready- and some may be!- we can put it in here even though we are still at level 1. Its amazing how much goes in. And this is a concept- 'o' + 'u' sitting together = ou (ow)

I am adamant that at this stage children should not be given 'readers' to de-code that aren't de-codable by them at that stage. Yes, read to them and with them- but 'their 'readers should be 'readable' to them. If the words used arent within the above concepts them dont ask the child to 'read' them. All they will do it learn to guess and to memorise. We want to know they are de-coding!

Enough to be getting on with for now. I will be explaining all this on YouTube etc- so difficult to write! In the meantine have fun and tell me how you get on- and come down to one of my workshops if you get chance. Please do post questions and comments!

Em:-)
Emma Hartnell-Baker BEd Hons. MA Special Educational Needs
'Read Australia™ !'
http://www.ReadAustralia.com

        

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From Reading Rockets

The Alphabetic Principle
By: Texas Education Agency (2002)

Children's knowledge of letter names and shapes is a strong predictor of their success in learning to read. Knowing letter names is strongly related to children's ability to remember the forms of written words and their ability to treat words as sequences of letters.

Print Awareness: Guidelines for Instruction
By: Texas Education Agency (2001)

Print awareness is a child's earliest understanding that written language carries meaning. The foundation of all other literacy learning builds upon this knowledge. The following are guidelines for teachers in how to promote print awareness and a sample activity for assessing print awareness in young children.

Print Awareness: An Introduction
By: Texas Education Agency (2001)

Children with print awareness can begin to understand that written language is related to oral language. Children who lack print awareness are unlikely to become successful readers. Indeed, children's performance on print awareness tasks is a very reliable predictor of their future reading achievement.

 

Speech Sounds: Assessment Tip
By: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory (2004)

Hearing the difference between similar sounding words such as grow and glow is easy for most children, but not for all children.

Speech Sounds: Watch & Learn
By: Reading Rockets (2004)

These four short video clips give you the chance to watch and learn effective speech sound activities. The video clips are from Reading Rockets' PBS television series Launching Young Readers.

Speech Sounds: Suggested Activities
By: Reading Rockets (2004)

Children must understand how speech sounds work to be ready for instruction in reading and writing. There are many activities that you can do with your students to help them increase their knowledge of speech sounds and their relationship to letters.

 

 

Phonemic Activities for the Preschool or Elementary Classroom
By: Marilyn J. Adams, Barbara Foorman, Ingvar Lundberg, and Terri Beeler (2004)

Activities that stimulate phonemic awareness in preschool and elementary school children are one sure way to get a child ready for reading! Here are eight of them from expert Marilyn Jager Adams.

Phonemic Awareness: Watch & Learn
By: Reading Rockets (2004)

These four short video clips give you the chance to watch and learn effective phonemic awareness activities. The video clips are from Reading Rockets' PBS television series Launching Young Readers.

Phonemic Awareness Instruction
By: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (2000)

Alphabetics is a term for the letter-sound elements of learning to read, including phonemic awareness and phonics. In this summary, find out what practices for teaching alphabetics have been proven effective by research.

 

Phonics: Watch & Learn
By: Reading Rockets (2004)

These six short video clips give you the chance to watch and learn effective phonics activities. The video clips are from Reading Rockets' PBS television series Launching Young Readers.

Meet the Word Families
By: Between the Lions (2003)

Creating a word family chart with the whole class or a small group builds phonemic awareness, a key to success in reading. Students will see how words look alike at the end if they sound alike at the end - a valuable discovery about our alphabetic writing system. They'll also see that one little chunk (in this case -an) can unlock lots of words!

The Phive Phones of Reading
By: Sebastian Wren (2002)

Who can understand all the jargon that's being tossed around in education these days? Consider all the similar terms that have to do with the sounds of spoken words – phonics, phonetic spelling, phoneme awareness, phonological awareness, and phonology – all of them share the same "phon" root, so they are easy to confuse, but they are definitely different, and each, in its way, is very important in reading education.

Phonics Instruction
By: National Reading Panel (2000)

Phonics instruction is a way of teaching reading that stresses the acquisition of letter-sound correspondences and their use in reading and spelling.

Teaching the Alphabetic Code: Phonics and Decoding
By: Learning First Alliance (2000)

Early skills in alphabetics serve as strong predictors of reading success, while later deficits in alphabetics is the main source of reading difficulties. This article argues the importance of developing skills in alphabetics, including phonics and decoding.

 

What's 'Normal,' What's Not: Acquiring English as a Second Language
By: Celeste Roseberry-McKibbin and Alejandro Brice (2005)

How can you tell when a student has a language-learning disability and when he or she is merely in the normal process of acquiring a second language?

Informal Reading Assessments: Examples
By: Reading Rockets (2004)

The following are sample charts you can use when assessing students informally in the classroom. Most of the assessments here should be given one-on-one.

Informal Classroom-Based Assessment: Watch & Learn
By: Reading Rockets (2004)

These six short video clips give you the chance to watch and learn effective classroom-based assessment strategies. The video clips are from Reading Rockets' PBS television series Launching Young Readers.

 

For Students Who Are Not Yet Fluent, Silent Reading Is Not the Best Use of Classroom Time
By: Jan Hasbrouck (2008)

Teachers do their best to improve students’ fluency, but sometimes the information they have to work with is incomplete and, therefore, leads them down the wrong path. For example, silent reading or 'Round Robin' reading seem like good ways to improve fluency. But, in fact, increasing fluency requires more practice, more support, and more guided oral reading than either of these strategies can deliver.

Developing Fluent Readers
By: Jan Hasbrouck (2008)

What should fluency instruction look like? And, what can teachers do to help students whose fluency is far behind their peers'? This article should help practitioners use of fluency-based assessments and select instructional practices.

Understanding and Assessing Fluency
By: Jan Hasbrouck (2006)

Learn what reading fluency is, why it is critical to make sure that students have sufficient fluency, how we should assess fluency, and how to best provide practice and support for all students.

Screening, Diagnosing, and Progress Monitoring for Fluency: The Details
By: Jan Hasbrouck (2006)

Screening, diagnosing, and progress monitoring are essential to making sure that all students become fluent readers — and the words-correct per-minute (WCPM) procedure can work for all three. Here's how teachers can use it to make well-informed and timely decisions about the instructional needs of their students.

Reader's Theater: Giving Students a Reason to Read Aloud
By: Cara Bafile (2005)

The reader's theater strategy blends students' desire to perform with their need for oral reading practice. Reader's Theater offers an entertaining and engaging means of improving fluency and enhancing comprehension.

What is Guided Oral Reading?
By: Partnership for Reading (2004)

Guided oral reading is an instructional strategy that can help students improve a variety of reading skills, including fluency. This article explains how to implement it in your classroom.

Fluency: Instructional Guidelines and Student Activities
By: Texas Education Agency (2002)

The best strategy for developing reading fluency is to provide your students with many opportunities to read the same passage orally several times. To do this, you should first know what to have your students read. Second, you should know how to have your students read aloud repeatedly.

Questions About Fluency Instruction
By: Partnership for Reading (2001)

The following are answers to frequent questions teachers have about fluency instruction.

 

How Spelling Supports Reading
By: Louisa Moats (2006)

Many young readers are puzzled by the rules and exceptions of spelling. Research has shown, however, that learning to spell and learning to read rely on much of the same underlying knowledge. Read this article to learn more about the relationships between letters and sounds and how a proper understanding of spelling mechanics can lead to improved reading.

Spelling: Watch & Learn
By: Reading Rockets (2004)

These three short video clips give you the chance to watch and learn effective techniques for teaching spelling. The video clips are from Reading Rockets' PBS television series Launching Young Readers.

Word Study: A New Approach to Teaching Spelling
By: Diane Henry Leipzig (2000)

"Word study" is an alternative to traditional spelling instruction. It is based on learning word patterns rather than memorizing unconnected words. This article describes the word study approach.

 

Questions About Writing Instruction
By: Partnership for Reading (2001)

The following are answers to frequent questions teachers have about writing instruction.

 

Teaching Metalinguistic Awareness and Reading Comprehension with Riddles
By: Marcy Zipke (2008)

Riddles are the perfect medium for learning how to manipulate language for many reasons, including students' familiarity with them and motivation for reading them. Here's how riddles can be used in the classroom to stimulate student's metalinguistic awareness.

What Is Reading? Decoding and the Jabberwocky’s Song
By: Sebastian Wren (2005)

This article illustrates the difference between being able to decode words on a page and being able to derive meaning from the words and the concepts they are trying to convey.

Using Think-Alouds to Improve Reading Comprehension
By: Roger Farr and Jenny Conner (2004)

Students need to think while they are reading. By using modeling, coached practice, and reflection, you can teach your students strategies to help them think while they read and build their comprehension.

Seven Strategies to Teach Students Text Comprehension
By: C.R. Adler (2004)

Comprehension strategies are conscious plans — sets of steps that good readers use to make sense of text. Comprehension strategy instruction helps students become purposeful, active readers who are in control of their own reading comprehension.

Comprehension Instruction: What Works
By: Michael Pressley (2000)

Without a strong background in basic skills like decoding and vocabulary-building, reading comprehension is impossible. This article offers research-based strategies for building on these and other skills to increase student understanding of what is read.